No. 08-_____
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IN THE
Supreme Court of the United States
--------------------------------- . ---------------------------------
IN RE JOSÉ ERNESTO MEDELLÍN,
Petitioner,
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ON PETITION FOR ORIGINAL WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
--------------------------------- . ---------------------------------
ON PETITION FOR ORIGINAL WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
--------------------------------- . ---------------------------------
PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
--------------------------------- . ---------------------------------
SANDRA L. BABCOCK DONALD FRANCIS DONOVAN
Clinical Professor of Law (Counsel of Record)
Northwestern University School of Law CATHERINE M. AMIRFAR
357 E. Chicago Avenue JILL VAN BERG
Chicago, Illinois 60611 WILLIAM C. WEEKS
Tel: (312) 503-0114 DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON LLP
Clinical Professor of Law (Counsel of Record)
Northwestern University School of Law CATHERINE M. AMIRFAR
357 E. Chicago Avenue JILL VAN BERG
Chicago, Illinois 60611 WILLIAM C. WEEKS
Tel: (312) 503-0114 DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON LLP
919 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022-3916
New York, NY 10022-3916
(212) 909-6000
Attorneys for Petitioner
Attorneys for Petitioner
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i
CAPITAL CASE
QUESTIONS PRESENTED
In the Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U.S.), 2004
I.C.J. 12 (Mar. 31), the International Court of Justice determined that José Ernesto
Medellín and fifty other Mexican nationals under sentence of death in the United States
were entitled to receive judicial review and reconsideration of their convictions and
sentences in light of the violation of their rights under the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations in their capital murder trials. In Medellín v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346
(2008), this Court held that the United States is bound under Article 94(1) of the United
Nations Charter to comply with the Avena Judgment and settled the procedures by which,
as a matter of U.S. constitutional law, the international obligation to comply may be
given domestic effect. Specifically, this Court held that neither it nor the President had
the authority to execute the international obligation, which instead lies with the Congress.
In response to that ruling, legislation to implement Avena has been introduced in the U.S.
House of Representatives, yet the State of Texas, having scheduled Mr. Medellín’s
execution for August 5, 2008, has indicated that it intends to go forward with the
execution before Congress has had a reasonable opportunity to exercise its constitutional
prerogative to determine compliance.
This case presents the following questions:
Medellín and fifty other Mexican nationals under sentence of death in the United States
were entitled to receive judicial review and reconsideration of their convictions and
sentences in light of the violation of their rights under the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations in their capital murder trials. In Medellín v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346
(2008), this Court held that the United States is bound under Article 94(1) of the United
Nations Charter to comply with the Avena Judgment and settled the procedures by which,
as a matter of U.S. constitutional law, the international obligation to comply may be
given domestic effect. Specifically, this Court held that neither it nor the President had
the authority to execute the international obligation, which instead lies with the Congress.
In response to that ruling, legislation to implement Avena has been introduced in the U.S.
House of Representatives, yet the State of Texas, having scheduled Mr. Medellín’s
execution for August 5, 2008, has indicated that it intends to go forward with the
execution before Congress has had a reasonable opportunity to exercise its constitutional
prerogative to determine compliance.
This case presents the following questions:
1.
Whether Mr. Medellín’s Fourteenth Amendment right not to be deprived of his
life without due process of law entitles him to remain alive until Congress has had
a reasonable opportunity to exercise its constitutional prerogative to implement
the right to judicial review and reconsideration under Avena and Other Mexican
Nationals, so that he can secure access to a remedy to which he is entitled by
virtue of a binding international legal obligation of the United States;
2.
Whether the Court should grant a writ of habeas corpus to adjudicate Mr.
Medellín's claim on the merits, where he seeks relief pursuant to a binding
international legal obligation that the federal political branches seek to implement,
and where adequate relief cannot be obtained in any other form or from any other
court; and
3.
Whether the Court should recall and stay its mandate in Medellín v. Texas, 128 S.
Ct. 1346, not to revisit the merits, but to allow Congress a reasonable opportunity
to implement legislation consistent with the Court’s decision in that case.
ii
Whether Mr. Medellín’s Fourteenth Amendment right not to be deprived of his
life without due process of law entitles him to remain alive until Congress has had
a reasonable opportunity to exercise its constitutional prerogative to implement
the right to judicial review and reconsideration under Avena and Other Mexican
Nationals, so that he can secure access to a remedy to which he is entitled by
virtue of a binding international legal obligation of the United States;
2.
Whether the Court should grant a writ of habeas corpus to adjudicate Mr.
Medellín's claim on the merits, where he seeks relief pursuant to a binding
international legal obligation that the federal political branches seek to implement,
and where adequate relief cannot be obtained in any other form or from any other
court; and
3.
Whether the Court should recall and stay its mandate in Medellín v. Texas, 128 S.
Ct. 1346, not to revisit the merits, but to allow Congress a reasonable opportunity
to implement legislation consistent with the Court’s decision in that case.
ii
PARTIES
All parties to the proceedings below are named in the caption of the case.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUESTIONS PRESENTED................................................................................................ i
PARTIES ............................................................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ............................................................................................. iv
JURISDICTION ..................................................................................................................1
CONSTITUTIONAL, TREATY AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS
PARTIES ............................................................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ............................................................................................. iv
JURISDICTION ..................................................................................................................1
CONSTITUTIONAL, TREATY AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS
INVOLVED ...............................................................................................................1
STATEMENT OF THE CASE............................................................................................1
A. Avena and Subsequent Proceedings.........................................................................1
B. Medellín v. Texas .....................................................................................................3
C. Scheduling of Execution Date .................................................................................5
D. Subsequent Proceedings Before the International Court of Justice.........................5
E. Introduction of Congressional Legislation...............................................................8
F. Denial of Federal Habeas Relief..............................................................................8
G. Decision of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.............................9
H. Further Political and Diplomatic Efforts to Effect Compliance with the
Avena Judgment.....................................................................................................12
I. The Proceedings Below .........................................................................................13
REASONS FOR GRANTING A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS....................................14
I.
The Same Compelling Circumstances That Weigh In Favor of A Grant of A
Writ of Certiorari Weigh In Favor of a Grant of A Writ Under This Court’s
Original Habeas Powers. ..........................................................................................16
A. If A Writ Of Certiorari Is Unavailable, This Court Should Grant A Writ of
Habeas Corpus. ......................................................................................................16
B. Adequate Relief Cannot Be Obtained In Any Other Form Or From Any
Other Court. ...........................................................................................................18
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................22
iv
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Federal Cases:
Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371 (1998).........................................................................................21
Ex parte Grossman, 267 U.S. 87 (1925)........................................................................................17
Felker v. Turpin, 518 U.S. 651 (1996)............................................................................... 17-18, 20
Garza v. Lappin, 253 F.3d 918 (7th Cir. 2001) .............................................................................21
McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467 (1991) .......................................................................................20
Medellin v. Dretke, 544 U.S. 660 (2005)............................................................................... passim
Medellin v. Quarterman, No. H-06-3688, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55758 (S.D.
Federal Cases:
Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371 (1998).........................................................................................21
Ex parte Grossman, 267 U.S. 87 (1925)........................................................................................17
Felker v. Turpin, 518 U.S. 651 (1996)............................................................................... 17-18, 20
Garza v. Lappin, 253 F.3d 918 (7th Cir. 2001) .............................................................................21
McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467 (1991) .......................................................................................20
Medellin v. Dretke, 544 U.S. 660 (2005)............................................................................... passim
Medellin v. Quarterman, No. H-06-3688, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55758 (S.D.
Tex. July 22, 2008) ..................................................................................................................19
Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008) ............................................................................ passim
Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 126 S. Ct. 2669 (2006)......................................................................21
State Cases:
Ex parte Soffar, 143 S.W.3d 804 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) ............................................................19
International Cases:
Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008) ............................................................................ passim
Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 126 S. Ct. 2669 (2006)......................................................................21
State Cases:
Ex parte Soffar, 143 S.W.3d 804 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) ............................................................19
International Cases:
Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U.S.), 2004 I.C.J.
12 (Mar. 31) ..................................................................................................................... passim
12 (Mar. 31) ..................................................................................................................... passim
Constitutional Provisions:
U.S. Const. art. II, § 2 ....................................................................................................................17
U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2.................................................................................................................20
Treaties and Federal Statutes:
U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2.................................................................................................................20
Treaties and Federal Statutes:
28 U.S.C. § 2241.................................................................................................................... passim
28 U.S.C. § 2244................................................................................................................17, 19, 20
28 U.S.C. § 2255(e) .......................................................................................................................21
28 U.S.C. § 2244................................................................................................................17, 19, 20
28 U.S.C. § 2255(e) .......................................................................................................................21
v
United Nations Charter, opened for signature June 26, 1945 T.S. No. 993, 59 Stat.
1031................................................................................................................................. passim
1031................................................................................................................................. passim
Other Authorities:
Supreme Court Rule 20.4(a) ..........................................................................................................18
1
JURISDICTION
This Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.
CONSTITUTIONAL, TREATY AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS INVOLVED
This case involves the following provisions, which are reproduced beginning at
page 1a in the Appendix.
page 1a in the Appendix.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
A. Avena and Subsequent Proceedings
In the Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U.S.),
2004 I.C.J. 12 (Mar. 31) (“Avena”), the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) determined
that Mr. Medellín and fifty other Mexican nationals under sentence of death in the United
States, whose rights to consular notification and access under the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations had been violated in their capital murder trials, were entitled to
receive judicial review and reconsideration of their convictions and sentences in light of
the violations in their cases. On December 10, 2004, in response to Mr. Medellín’s
petition, this Court granted a writ of certiorari to decide whether, under the Supremacy
Clause of the Constitution, courts in the United States must give effect to the United
States’s treaty obligations to comply with the Judgment of the ICJ. Medellín v. Dretke,
543 U.S. 1032 (2004) (order granting writ of certiorari).
In the Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U.S.),
2004 I.C.J. 12 (Mar. 31) (“Avena”), the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) determined
that Mr. Medellín and fifty other Mexican nationals under sentence of death in the United
States, whose rights to consular notification and access under the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations had been violated in their capital murder trials, were entitled to
receive judicial review and reconsideration of their convictions and sentences in light of
the violations in their cases. On December 10, 2004, in response to Mr. Medellín’s
petition, this Court granted a writ of certiorari to decide whether, under the Supremacy
Clause of the Constitution, courts in the United States must give effect to the United
States’s treaty obligations to comply with the Judgment of the ICJ. Medellín v. Dretke,
543 U.S. 1032 (2004) (order granting writ of certiorari).
On February 28, 2005, before the case had been fully submitted, President George
W. Bush issued a written determination that the United States had a binding obligation
under international law to comply with Avena. Br. for U.S. as Amicus Curiae Supporting
Resp’t at App. 2, Medellin v. Dretke, 544 U.S. 660 (2005) (No. 04-5928). He also
2
under international law to comply with Avena. Br. for U.S. as Amicus Curiae Supporting
Resp’t at App. 2, Medellin v. Dretke, 544 U.S. 660 (2005) (No. 04-5928). He also
2
determined that, to achieve compliance, state courts should provide review and
reconsideration to the fifty-one Mexican nationals named in the Avena Judgment,
including Mr. Medellín, pursuant to the criteria set forth by the ICJ, notwithstanding any
state procedural rules that might otherwise bar review of the claim on the merits.
In deference to the President’s determination, Mr. Medellín filed a motion to stay
his case in this Court, requesting that the case be held in abeyance while he exhausted in
state court his claims based on Avena and the President’s determination, neither of which
had been issued at the time of his first state post-conviction petition.
his case in this Court, requesting that the case be held in abeyance while he exhausted in
state court his claims based on Avena and the President’s determination, neither of which
had been issued at the time of his first state post-conviction petition.
On May 23, 2005, this Court dismissed the writ of certiorari as improvidently
granted, in part because of the prospect of relief in Texas state court and in part because
of potential obstacles to reaching the merits posed by the procedural posture of the case
as then before the Court. Medellín v. Dretke, 544 U.S. 660, 662 (2005) (per curiam).
granted, in part because of the prospect of relief in Texas state court and in part because
of potential obstacles to reaching the merits posed by the procedural posture of the case
as then before the Court. Medellín v. Dretke, 544 U.S. 660, 662 (2005) (per curiam).
Following this Court’s dismissal, Mr. Medellín pursued relief in the Texas Court
of Criminal Appeals, where he argued that the treaty obligation to abide by the Avena
decision and the President’s determination to comply each constituted binding federal
law that, by virtue of the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, preempted any
inconsistent provisions of state law. On November 15, 2006, the Court of Criminal
Appeals dismissed Mr. Medellín’s application, holding that neither the Avena Judgment
nor the President’s determination constituted preemptive federal law and that Mr.
Medellín was procedurally barred from seeking relief on a subsequent habeas application.
Ex parte Medellín, 223 S.W.3d 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
of Criminal Appeals, where he argued that the treaty obligation to abide by the Avena
decision and the President’s determination to comply each constituted binding federal
law that, by virtue of the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, preempted any
inconsistent provisions of state law. On November 15, 2006, the Court of Criminal
Appeals dismissed Mr. Medellín’s application, holding that neither the Avena Judgment
nor the President’s determination constituted preemptive federal law and that Mr.
Medellín was procedurally barred from seeking relief on a subsequent habeas application.
Ex parte Medellín, 223 S.W.3d 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
3
On April 30, 2007, on Mr. Medellín’s petition, the Court granted a writ of
certiorari to determine whether courts in the United States or the President had the
authority to execute the United States’s obligation to comply with Avena. Medellin v.
Texas, 127 S. Ct. 2129 (U.S. 2007) (order granting writ of certiorari).
certiorari to determine whether courts in the United States or the President had the
authority to execute the United States’s obligation to comply with Avena. Medellin v.
Texas, 127 S. Ct. 2129 (U.S. 2007) (order granting writ of certiorari).
B. Medellín v. Texas
In Medellín v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008), the Court held that under Article
94(1) of the United Nations Charter, a valid treaty of the United States, the United States
has a binding international obligation to comply with Avena by providing review and
reconsideration to Mr. Medellín and the other Mexican nationals subject to that judgment.
Specifically, the Court observed that “no one disputes” that the obligation to abide by the
Avena judgment, which “flows from the treaties through which the United States
submitted to ICJ jurisdiction with respect to Vienna Convention disputes—constitutes an
international law obligation on the part of the United States.” Id. at 1356. The Court
also expressly noted its agreement with the President as to the importance of United
States’s compliance with that obligation. Id. at 1367.
In Medellín v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008), the Court held that under Article
94(1) of the United Nations Charter, a valid treaty of the United States, the United States
has a binding international obligation to comply with Avena by providing review and
reconsideration to Mr. Medellín and the other Mexican nationals subject to that judgment.
Specifically, the Court observed that “no one disputes” that the obligation to abide by the
Avena judgment, which “flows from the treaties through which the United States
submitted to ICJ jurisdiction with respect to Vienna Convention disputes—constitutes an
international law obligation on the part of the United States.” Id. at 1356. The Court
also expressly noted its agreement with the President as to the importance of United
States’s compliance with that obligation. Id. at 1367.
The Court held, however, that that international obligation had not yet been
validly executed as a matter of U.S. domestic law. First, courts are not empowered to
automatically enforce ICJ decisions as domestic law because the “sensitive foreign policy
decisions” of whether and how to comply are reserved for the he political branches. Id. at
1360. Second, the “array of political and diplomatic means available [to the President] to
enforce international obligations” does not include the power to “unilaterally convert[] a
validly executed as a matter of U.S. domestic law. First, courts are not empowered to
automatically enforce ICJ decisions as domestic law because the “sensitive foreign policy
decisions” of whether and how to comply are reserved for the he political branches. Id. at
1360. Second, the “array of political and diplomatic means available [to the President] to
enforce international obligations” does not include the power to “unilaterally convert[] a
4
non-self-executing treaty into a self-executing one.” Id. at 1368. Hence, “while the ICJ’s
judgment in Avena creates an international law obligation on the part of the United States,
it does not of its own force constitute binding federal law that pre-empts state restrictions
on the filing of successive habeas petitions.” Id. at 1367. Instead, an additional step by
the political branches is necessary, including action by Congress to pass implementing
legislation, id. at 1369, or by the President “by some other means, so long as they are
consistent with the Constitution,” id. at 1371.
Concurring in the judgment, Justice Stevens also noted that the United States’s
international obligation to provide review and reconsideration under the Avena Judgment
was undisputed. Id. at 1374. He urged action by Texas to “shoulder the primary
responsibility for protecting the honor and integrity of the Nation,” id. at 1374,
particularly where “the costs of refusing to respect the ICJ’s judgment are significant,” id.
at 1375.
international obligation to provide review and reconsideration under the Avena Judgment
was undisputed. Id. at 1374. He urged action by Texas to “shoulder the primary
responsibility for protecting the honor and integrity of the Nation,” id. at 1374,
particularly where “the costs of refusing to respect the ICJ’s judgment are significant,” id.
at 1375.
Justice Breyer, joined by Justices Souter and Ginsburg, dissented, stating that the
Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution required that the state courts comply with
Avena, since “the treaty obligations, and hence the judgment, resting as it does upon the
consent of the United States to the ICJ’s jurisdiction, bind[s] the courts no less than
would ‘an act of the [federal] legislature.’” Id. at 1376 (internal cites omitted). Like the
majority, Justice Breyer recognized that noncompliance would exact a heavy toll on the
United States. Id. at 1391.
Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution required that the state courts comply with
Avena, since “the treaty obligations, and hence the judgment, resting as it does upon the
consent of the United States to the ICJ’s jurisdiction, bind[s] the courts no less than
would ‘an act of the [federal] legislature.’” Id. at 1376 (internal cites omitted). Like the
majority, Justice Breyer recognized that noncompliance would exact a heavy toll on the
United States. Id. at 1391.
5
C. Scheduling of Execution Date
Almost immediately following this Court’s decision, Texas state prosecutors
sought an execution date for Mr. Medellín. At a hearing before the Texas trial court on
May 5, 2008, Mr. Medellín requested that the court defer scheduling an execution date in
order to allow the national and state legislatures time to implement the Avena Judgment,
as this Court’s decision contemplated. Texas State Senator Rodney Ellis wrote to the
court to request that it defer setting a date in light of his intention to introduce legislation
by which Texas would comply with Avena as soon as the Texas Legislature reconvened
in January 2009. 15a-16a. On May 2, 2008, Ambassador Jeffrey Davidow, who holds
the rank of Career Ambassador (the highest rank available to diplomats) and served as an
ambassador for the United States in the administrations of Presidents Ronald Reagan,
George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, submitted a declaration
addressing the negative ramifications for U.S. foreign relations, including for the
protection of Americans abroad. The court declined to hear evidence and instead
scheduled Mr. Medellín’s execution for the first date available under state law. See 136a.
Hence, Mr. Medellín is scheduled to die by lethal injection on August 5, 2008.
D. Subsequent Proceedings Before the International Court of Justice
On June 5, 2008, in light of the action by Texas to execute Mr. Medellín without
having provided him review and reconsideration and the failure as of that date by the
United States effectively to implement the judgment within its domestic legal system,
Mexico instituted new proceedings in the International Court of Justice by filing a
On June 5, 2008, in light of the action by Texas to execute Mr. Medellín without
having provided him review and reconsideration and the failure as of that date by the
United States effectively to implement the judgment within its domestic legal system,
Mexico instituted new proceedings in the International Court of Justice by filing a
6
Request for Interpretation of the Avena Judgment. See Application Instituting
Proceedings, Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case
Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U.S.), June 5, 2008.1 Mexico
asked the ICJ to declare that the United States has an obligation to use any and all means
necessary to provide that review before any execution is carried out. In conjunction with
its Request for Interpretation, Mexico also asked the ICJ to indicate provisional measures
with respect to Mr. Medellín and four other Mexican nationals named in the Avena
Judgment who face imminent execution in Texas.2 Mexico’s Request for Interpretation
of the Avena Judgment opens a new case before the ICJ and is currently pending review.
Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U.S.), June 5, 2008.1 Mexico
asked the ICJ to declare that the United States has an obligation to use any and all means
necessary to provide that review before any execution is carried out. In conjunction with
its Request for Interpretation, Mexico also asked the ICJ to indicate provisional measures
with respect to Mr. Medellín and four other Mexican nationals named in the Avena
Judgment who face imminent execution in Texas.2 Mexico’s Request for Interpretation
of the Avena Judgment opens a new case before the ICJ and is currently pending review.
The ICJ held oral proceedings on the request for provisional measures on June 19
and 20, 2008. At argument, the Legal Adviser to the Secretary of State confirmed “that
the United States takes its international law obligation to comply with the Avena
Judgment seriously” and agreed that Avena requires the provision of review and
reconsideration prior to the imposition of any death sentence. See 90a; 92a; 93a.
and 20, 2008. At argument, the Legal Adviser to the Secretary of State confirmed “that
the United States takes its international law obligation to comply with the Avena
Judgment seriously” and agreed that Avena requires the provision of review and
reconsideration prior to the imposition of any death sentence. See 90a; 92a; 93a.
On June 16, 2008, the ICJ rejected the United States’s request to dismiss the case
and granted Mexico’s request for provisional measures, directing the United States to
“take all measures necessary to ensure that Messrs. José Ernesto Medellín Rojas [and
four other Mexican nationals] are not executed pending judgment on the Request for
and granted Mexico’s request for provisional measures, directing the United States to
“take all measures necessary to ensure that Messrs. José Ernesto Medellín Rojas [and
four other Mexican nationals] are not executed pending judgment on the Request for
1
The parties’ written and oral pleadings and the judgment, orders and press releases of the International
The parties’ written and oral pleadings and the judgment, orders and press releases of the International
Court of Justice in respect of the Request for Interpretation are available at http://www.icj
cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=1&code=&case=139&k=11 (last visited July 30, 2008).
2
The four other Mexican nationals subject to the request for provisional measures have not received
execution dates but are eligible under state law to have dates scheduled.
The four other Mexican nationals subject to the request for provisional measures have not received
execution dates but are eligible under state law to have dates scheduled.
7
interpretation submitted by the United Mexican States, unless and until these five
Mexican nationals receive review and reconsideration consistent with paragraphs 138 to
141 of the [Avena] Judgment.” 38a, ¶ 80(a). In particular, the Court noted
that the United States has recognized that, were any of the
Mexican nationals named in the request for the indication
of provisional measures to be executed without the
necessary review and reconsideration required under the
Avena Judgment, that would constitute a violation of
United States obligations under international law; … in
particular, the Agent of the United States declared before
the ICJ that “[t]o carry out Mr. Medellín’s sentence without
affording him the necessary review and reconsideration
obviously would be inconsistent with the Avena
Judgment[.]”
Mexican nationals named in the request for the indication
of provisional measures to be executed without the
necessary review and reconsideration required under the
Avena Judgment, that would constitute a violation of
United States obligations under international law; … in
particular, the Agent of the United States declared before
the ICJ that “[t]o carry out Mr. Medellín’s sentence without
affording him the necessary review and reconsideration
obviously would be inconsistent with the Avena
Judgment[.]”
37a, ¶ 76. The Court further noted that “the Agent of the United States acknowledged
before the Court that ‘the United States would be responsible, clearly, under the principle
of State responsibility for the internationally wrongful actions of [state] officials[.]’” Id.
at ¶ 77. Nonetheless, commenting on reports of the ICJ’s Order in the press, Texas
Governor Perry’s office stated: “The world court has no standing in Texas and Texas is
not bound by a ruling or edict from a foreign court.” Allan Turner & Rosanna Ruiz,
Texas to World Court: Executions Are Still On, Houston Chron., July 17, 2008, at A1.
The submission of the United States in response to Mexico’s Request for Interpretation is
due on August 29, 2008. The case has been set on an expedited schedule and a decision
is likely to issue this year.
before the Court that ‘the United States would be responsible, clearly, under the principle
of State responsibility for the internationally wrongful actions of [state] officials[.]’” Id.
at ¶ 77. Nonetheless, commenting on reports of the ICJ’s Order in the press, Texas
Governor Perry’s office stated: “The world court has no standing in Texas and Texas is
not bound by a ruling or edict from a foreign court.” Allan Turner & Rosanna Ruiz,
Texas to World Court: Executions Are Still On, Houston Chron., July 17, 2008, at A1.
The submission of the United States in response to Mexico’s Request for Interpretation is
due on August 29, 2008. The case has been set on an expedited schedule and a decision
is likely to issue this year.
8
E. Introduction of Congressional Legislation
On July 14, 2008, following this Court’s decision in Medellín v. Texas, Members
of the House of Representatives introduced legislation to give the Avena Judgment
domestic legal effect. The “Avena Case Implementation Act of 2008” grants foreign
nationals such as Mr. Medellín a right to judicial review of their convictions and
sentences in light of Vienna Convention violations in their cases. 5a-6a. The proposed
bill specifically authorizes courts to provide “any relief required to remedy the harm done
by the violation [of rights under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention], including the
vitiation of the conviction or sentence where appropriate.” 6a, § 2. The bill was
introduced by Howard L. Berman, Chairman of the Committee for Foreign Affairs and
Vice Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and referred to the Judiciary Committee for
consideration. Since that time, the Chairman of that Committee, John Conyers, Jr., and
Committee Members Zoe Lofgren and William D. Delahunt have joined as co-sponsors
of the bill.
The bill is now under review. On June 19, 2008, before the International Court of
Justice, the United States stated that “[g]iven the short legislative calendar for our
Congress this year, it [will] not be possible for both houses of our Congress to pass
legislation” implementing the Avena decision. 88a, ¶ 26.
Justice, the United States stated that “[g]iven the short legislative calendar for our
Congress this year, it [will] not be possible for both houses of our Congress to pass
legislation” implementing the Avena decision. 88a, ¶ 26.
F. Denial of Federal Habeas Relief
On November 21, 2006, to satisfy the applicable statute of limitations while his
first subsequent habeas application was pending in the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals,
On November 21, 2006, to satisfy the applicable statute of limitations while his
first subsequent habeas application was pending in the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals,
9
Mr. Medellín filed a habeas petition in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of
Texas, raising claims related to the enforceability of the Avena Judgment as a matter of
applicable treaties and the President’s 2005 determination to comply. After this Court
granted a writ of certiorari to review the denial of Mr. Medellín’s first subsequent
application, the district court stayed and administratively closed Mr. Medellín’s case. On
July 22, 2008, the court reopened proceedings for the limited purpose of determining
jurisdiction over Mr. Medellín’s petition, and denied relief. Medellin v. Quarterman, No.
H-06-3688, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55758 (S.D. Tex. July 22, 2008). The court
concluded that the federal habeas statute’s limitation on successive petitions prevented it
from considering Mr. Medellín’s petition on the merits without prior authorization from
the Court of Appeals. Id. at *7.
G. Decision of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
On November 21, 2006, Mr. Medellín filed a petition before the Inter-American
Commission on Human Rights raising the violation of his consular rights as well as
several violations of the 1948 Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (“American
Declaration”). The Inter-American Commission is the principal human rights organ of
the Organization of American States (“OAS”) and is empowered to consider and evaluate
the merits of human rights violations raised by individuals from any OAS member state.
See Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, What is the IACHR?, at
http://www.cidh.oas.org/what.htm; see also Thomas Buergenthal, International Human
On November 21, 2006, Mr. Medellín filed a petition before the Inter-American
Commission on Human Rights raising the violation of his consular rights as well as
several violations of the 1948 Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (“American
Declaration”). The Inter-American Commission is the principal human rights organ of
the Organization of American States (“OAS”) and is empowered to consider and evaluate
the merits of human rights violations raised by individuals from any OAS member state.
See Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, What is the IACHR?, at
http://www.cidh.oas.org/what.htm; see also Thomas Buergenthal, International Human
10
Rights in a Nutshell 174, 179, 181-82 (2d ed. 1995). As a member of the OAS, the
United States has recognized the Commission’s competence to consider such petitions.3
On December 6, 2006, the Commission issued precautionary measures—
analogous to a temporary injunction and similar to the provisional measures ordered by
the ICJ—calling upon the United States to take all measures necessary to preserve Mr.
Medellín’s life pending the Commission’s investigation of the allegations raised in his
petition. 74a-75a. After Mr. Medellín was scheduled for execution, the Commission
reiterated to the United States the precautionary measures it adopted in favor of Mr.
Medellín in 2006 and reminded the United States of its request that Mr. Medellín’s life be
preserved pending the investigation of his petition. 76a; see also 77a-79a.
analogous to a temporary injunction and similar to the provisional measures ordered by
the ICJ—calling upon the United States to take all measures necessary to preserve Mr.
Medellín’s life pending the Commission’s investigation of the allegations raised in his
petition. 74a-75a. After Mr. Medellín was scheduled for execution, the Commission
reiterated to the United States the precautionary measures it adopted in favor of Mr.
Medellín in 2006 and reminded the United States of its request that Mr. Medellín’s life be
preserved pending the investigation of his petition. 76a; see also 77a-79a.
Both Mr. Medellín and the United States filed written submissions and made oral
arguments to the Commission at a hearing conducted on March 7, 2008, at the
Commission headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Commission also considered
extensive documentary evidence, including many of the documents submitted to the court
below. On July 24, 2008, after reviewing the legal arguments of both parties and the
facts submitted in support of Mr. Medellín’s claims for relief, the Commission issued a
arguments to the Commission at a hearing conducted on March 7, 2008, at the
Commission headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Commission also considered
extensive documentary evidence, including many of the documents submitted to the court
below. On July 24, 2008, after reviewing the legal arguments of both parties and the
facts submitted in support of Mr. Medellín’s claims for relief, the Commission issued a
The United States has signed and ratified the Charter of the Organization of American States (“OAS
Charter”), Apr. 30, 1948, 2 U.S.T. 2394, as well as the Protocol of Buenos Aires that amended the
OAS Charter and established the Commission as a principal organ through which the OAS would
accomplish its purposes. Protocol of Buenos Aires, Feb. 27, 1967, 21 U.S.T. 607, T.I.A.S. No. 6847.
As ratified treaties of the United States, both instruments apply with equal force and supremacy to all
states, including Texas. U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2. The amended OAS Charter specifically provided
that “[t]here shall be an Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, whose principal function shall
be to promote the observance and protection of human rights and to serve as a consultative organ of
the Organization in these matters.” OAS Charter, art. 106. Under Article 145, the Inter-American
Commission is given the responsibility to “keep vigilance over the observance of human rights.” Id.,
art. 145.
Charter”), Apr. 30, 1948, 2 U.S.T. 2394, as well as the Protocol of Buenos Aires that amended the
OAS Charter and established the Commission as a principal organ through which the OAS would
accomplish its purposes. Protocol of Buenos Aires, Feb. 27, 1967, 21 U.S.T. 607, T.I.A.S. No. 6847.
As ratified treaties of the United States, both instruments apply with equal force and supremacy to all
states, including Texas. U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2. The amended OAS Charter specifically provided
that “[t]here shall be an Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, whose principal function shall
be to promote the observance and protection of human rights and to serve as a consultative organ of
the Organization in these matters.” OAS Charter, art. 106. Under Article 145, the Inter-American
Commission is given the responsibility to “keep vigilance over the observance of human rights.” Id.,
art. 145.
11
preliminary report concluding, in pertinent part, that Mr. Medellín was prejudiced by the
violation of his rights to consular notification and assistance. Specifically, the
Commission found:
It is apparent from the record before the Commission that,
following [Mr.] Medellin[’s] conviction and sentencing,
consular officials were instrumental in gathering significant
evidence concerning [his] character and background. This
evidence, including information relating to [his] family life
as well as expert psychological reports, could have had a
decisive impact upon the jury’s evaluation of aggravating
and mitigating factors in [his] case[]. In the Commission’s
view, this information was clearly relevant to the jury’s
determination as to whether the death penalty was the
appropriate punishment in light of [his] particular
circumstances and those of the offense.
following [Mr.] Medellin[’s] conviction and sentencing,
consular officials were instrumental in gathering significant
evidence concerning [his] character and background. This
evidence, including information relating to [his] family life
as well as expert psychological reports, could have had a
decisive impact upon the jury’s evaluation of aggravating
and mitigating factors in [his] case[]. In the Commission’s
view, this information was clearly relevant to the jury’s
determination as to whether the death penalty was the
appropriate punishment in light of [his] particular
circumstances and those of the offense.
65a, ¶ 128. The Commission concluded that the United States’s obligation under Article
36(1) of the Vienna Convention to inform Mr. Medellín of his right to consular
notification and assistance constituted a fundamental component of the due process
standards to which he was entitled under the American Declaration, and that the United
States’s failure to respect and ensure this obligation deprived him of a criminal process
that satisfied the minimum standards of due process and a fair trial required by the
Declaration. 66a, ¶ 132.
36(1) of the Vienna Convention to inform Mr. Medellín of his right to consular
notification and assistance constituted a fundamental component of the due process
standards to which he was entitled under the American Declaration, and that the United
States’s failure to respect and ensure this obligation deprived him of a criminal process
that satisfied the minimum standards of due process and a fair trial required by the
Declaration. 66a, ¶ 132.
As to remedies, the Commission recommended, among other things, that the
United States vacate Mr. Medellín’s death sentence and provide him with “an effective
remedy, which includes a new trial in accordance with the equality, due process and fair
trial protections prescribed under . . . the American Declaration, including the right to
competent legal representation.” 72a, ¶ 160. The Commission also reiterated its requests
United States vacate Mr. Medellín’s death sentence and provide him with “an effective
remedy, which includes a new trial in accordance with the equality, due process and fair
trial protections prescribed under . . . the American Declaration, including the right to
competent legal representation.” 72a, ¶ 160. The Commission also reiterated its requests
12
of December 6, 2006, and January 30, 2007, that the United States take precautionary
measures to preserve Mr. Medellín’s life pending the implementation of the
Commission’s recommendations in the matter. 71a, ¶ 159.4
H.
Further Political and Diplomatic Efforts to Effect Compliance with
the Avena Judgment.
Since this Court issued its decision in Medellin v. Texas, the governments of
Further Political and Diplomatic Efforts to Effect Compliance with
the Avena Judgment.
Since this Court issued its decision in Medellin v. Texas, the governments of
Mexico and the United States have resumed their efforts to achieve compliance with the
Avena Judgment. On June 17, 2008, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Attorney
General Michael B. Mukasey asked for Texas’s help in complying with the Avena
Judgment. In a joint letter to Governor Rick Perry, the Secretary of State and Attorney
General stated:
The United States attaches great importance to complying with its
obligations under international law . . . . We continue to seek a
practical and timely way to carry out our nation’s international
legal obligation [under Avena], a goal that the United States needs
the assistance of Texas to achieve. In this connection, we
respectfully request that Texas take the steps necessary to give
effect to the Avena decision with respect to the convictions and
sentences addressed therein.
obligations under international law . . . . We continue to seek a
practical and timely way to carry out our nation’s international
legal obligation [under Avena], a goal that the United States needs
the assistance of Texas to achieve. In this connection, we
respectfully request that Texas take the steps necessary to give
effect to the Avena decision with respect to the convictions and
sentences addressed therein.
80a-81a. On July 18, 2008, Governor Perry responded, acknowledging the “concerns
from a federal standpoint about the importance of international law” and stating his belief
that the “international obligation” to comply with Avena is properly a matter within the
The Commission has not yet issued its final report, and will not do so until the United States has had
an opportunity to respond to the Commission’s findings. See Rule 43.2, Rules of Procedure of the
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, available at http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/
Basic18.Rules%20of%20Procedure%20of%20the%20Commission.htm. Until the United States takes
steps to implement the Commission’s recommendations, precautionary measures remain in effect.
an opportunity to respond to the Commission’s findings. See Rule 43.2, Rules of Procedure of the
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, available at http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/
Basic18.Rules%20of%20Procedure%20of%20the%20Commission.htm. Until the United States takes
steps to implement the Commission’s recommendations, precautionary measures remain in effect.
13
province of the federal executive branch and Congress. 82a. Governor Perry further
stated that he was “advised” that the “State of Texas will ask the reviewing court [in
federal habeas proceedings] to address the claim on the merits.” Id.
On July 28, 2008, Mexico’s Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Patricia Espinosa
Cantellano, also sent a letter to Governor Perry and asked him to suspend Mr. Medellín’s
execution and to help ensure that Mr. Medellín is afforded the judicial hearing to which
he is entitled as a result of the Avena Judgment. 84a-85a.
Cantellano, also sent a letter to Governor Perry and asked him to suspend Mr. Medellín’s
execution and to help ensure that Mr. Medellín is afforded the judicial hearing to which
he is entitled as a result of the Avena Judgment. 84a-85a.
I. The Proceedings Below
On July 28, 2008, after his federal habeas petition was dismissed, Mr. Medellín
filed a second subsequent application for a writ of habeas corpus in the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals, and along with it, an application for a stay of execution. Mr. Medellín
argued that his constitutional rights to life and due process of the law entitle him to
reasonable access to a remedy of judicial process that the United States is bound as a
matter of international law to provide, and that therefore to execute Mr. Medellín before
the competent political actors have had a reasonable opportunity to convert the Nation’s
international law obligation under the Avena Judgment into a justiciable legal right would
amount to an unconstitutional deprivation of his right to life without due process of law.
In addition, Mr. Medellín argued that his execution without having received the required
review and reconsideration would impinge upon the constitutional authority of Congress,
confirmed by this Court, to give effect to the United States’s obligation under Article
94(1) of the United Nations Charter to comply with the Avena Judgment. In his stay
On July 28, 2008, after his federal habeas petition was dismissed, Mr. Medellín
filed a second subsequent application for a writ of habeas corpus in the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals, and along with it, an application for a stay of execution. Mr. Medellín
argued that his constitutional rights to life and due process of the law entitle him to
reasonable access to a remedy of judicial process that the United States is bound as a
matter of international law to provide, and that therefore to execute Mr. Medellín before
the competent political actors have had a reasonable opportunity to convert the Nation’s
international law obligation under the Avena Judgment into a justiciable legal right would
amount to an unconstitutional deprivation of his right to life without due process of law.
In addition, Mr. Medellín argued that his execution without having received the required
review and reconsideration would impinge upon the constitutional authority of Congress,
confirmed by this Court, to give effect to the United States’s obligation under Article
94(1) of the United Nations Charter to comply with the Avena Judgment. In his stay
14
application, Mr. Medellín asked the Court to delay his execution to allow the competent
political authorities a reasonable opportunity to implement the Judgment.
Although the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has not yet ruled on Mr.
Medellín’s applications, his scheduled execution in six short days from now compels him
to file in the event the CCA denies relief.
Medellín’s applications, his scheduled execution in six short days from now compels him
to file in the event the CCA denies relief.
REASONS FOR GRANTING A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
Mr. Medellín is scheduled to be executed by lethal injection on August 5, 2008,
although he has yet to receive the review and reconsideration of his conviction and
sentence mandated by the Avena Judgment of the International Court of Justice. In
Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008), this Court confirmed that the United States is
bound as a matter of international law to comply with the Avena Judgment, and clarified
that it falls to Congress to determine whether and how to give the Judgment domestic
legal effect.
although he has yet to receive the review and reconsideration of his conviction and
sentence mandated by the Avena Judgment of the International Court of Justice. In
Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008), this Court confirmed that the United States is
bound as a matter of international law to comply with the Avena Judgment, and clarified
that it falls to Congress to determine whether and how to give the Judgment domestic
legal effect.
No one—not this Court, not the Executive, not Congress, not Texas—disputes the
United States’s “plainly compelling” interest in complying with the international
obligation reflected in Avena. In the four months since this Court’s decision in Medellín
United States’s “plainly compelling” interest in complying with the international
obligation reflected in Avena. In the four months since this Court’s decision in Medellín
v. Texas, federal and state actors have been engaged in unprecedented efforts to find an
alternative and expeditious means of implementing the United States’s obligations under
the Avena Judgment. The House of Representatives has introduced legislation, the
Secretary of State and Attorney General have called upon Texas to work with the federal
government to avoid a breach of its treaty commitments, a Texas senator has promised to
introduce legislation to implement Avena as soon as the Texas Legislature reconvenes,
15
alternative and expeditious means of implementing the United States’s obligations under
the Avena Judgment. The House of Representatives has introduced legislation, the
Secretary of State and Attorney General have called upon Texas to work with the federal
government to avoid a breach of its treaty commitments, a Texas senator has promised to
introduce legislation to implement Avena as soon as the Texas Legislature reconvenes,
15
and leaders of the diplomatic and business communities have warned that Mr. Medellín’s
execution could have grave consequences for Americans abroad.
Despite this extraordinary and unique set of circumstances, Texas has set Mr.
Medellín’s execution for the earliest possible date under Texas law, and proceeds
implacably towards execution on August 5. If allowed to proceed, Texas will
simultaneously deprive Mr. Medellín of reasonable access to a remedy required under a
binding international legal obligation and place the United States in irreparable breach of
its treaty obligations. Under these unique circumstances, Mr. Medellín’s execution
would violate his constitutionally protected right not to be deprived of his life without
due process of law. And by placing the United States in irreparable breach of its treaty
commitments before Congress and the federal Executive can act to compel compliance,
Texas effectively will usurp the institutional prerogative of the federal political
branches—advocated by Texas in Medellin v. Texas and confirmed by this Court—to
determine whether and how to give domestic legal effect to the treaty obligations of the
Nation. This Court must not allow Texas to subvert Mr. Medellín’s constitutional rights
and the compelling institutional interests of Congress and the Executive in a race to
execution, particularly given the overwhelming public interest in achieving compliance
with the Avena Judgment.
Medellín’s execution for the earliest possible date under Texas law, and proceeds
implacably towards execution on August 5. If allowed to proceed, Texas will
simultaneously deprive Mr. Medellín of reasonable access to a remedy required under a
binding international legal obligation and place the United States in irreparable breach of
its treaty obligations. Under these unique circumstances, Mr. Medellín’s execution
would violate his constitutionally protected right not to be deprived of his life without
due process of law. And by placing the United States in irreparable breach of its treaty
commitments before Congress and the federal Executive can act to compel compliance,
Texas effectively will usurp the institutional prerogative of the federal political
branches—advocated by Texas in Medellin v. Texas and confirmed by this Court—to
determine whether and how to give domestic legal effect to the treaty obligations of the
Nation. This Court must not allow Texas to subvert Mr. Medellín’s constitutional rights
and the compelling institutional interests of Congress and the Executive in a race to
execution, particularly given the overwhelming public interest in achieving compliance
with the Avena Judgment.
In view of the exceptional circumstances of this case, Mr. Medellín respectfully
seeks three alternative forms of relief from this Court: (1) a writ of certiorari in the event
that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals dismisses his pending applications for habeas
relief and a stay of execution; or (2) a writ of habeas corpus; or (3) recall of this Court’s
seeks three alternative forms of relief from this Court: (1) a writ of certiorari in the event
that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals dismisses his pending applications for habeas
relief and a stay of execution; or (2) a writ of habeas corpus; or (3) recall of this Court’s
16
mandate in Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008), for the purpose of preserving
Congress’s ability to bring the nation into compliance with the Avena Judgment. Finally,
in connection with whichever form of relief the Court may deem appropriate to grant, Mr.
Medellín asks this Court to grant his motion for a stay of his execution for such time as is
necessary to permit the competent political actors a reasonable opportunity to act to
comply consistent with this Court’s decision in Medellin v. Texas.
I.
The Same Compelling Circumstances That Weigh In Favor of A Grant of A
Writ of Certiorari Weigh In Favor of a Grant of A Writ Under This Court’s
Original Habeas Powers.
The Court may act to prevent Mr. Medellín’s execution in violation of the Avena
Judgment by the grant of a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, which
empowers this Court to grant the Great Writ where a prisoner is “in custody in violation
of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3).
By exercising its discretion in the form of an extraordinary writ, this Court would
preserve its ability, in truly exceptional circumstances, to prevent the incalculable harm
that would ensue from a breach of the nation’s treaty commitments, to preserve the
undisputed right of Congress to take action, and to protect Mr. Medellín’s right not to be
deprived of his life without due process of law.
The Same Compelling Circumstances That Weigh In Favor of A Grant of A
Writ of Certiorari Weigh In Favor of a Grant of A Writ Under This Court’s
Original Habeas Powers.
The Court may act to prevent Mr. Medellín’s execution in violation of the Avena
Judgment by the grant of a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, which
empowers this Court to grant the Great Writ where a prisoner is “in custody in violation
of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3).
By exercising its discretion in the form of an extraordinary writ, this Court would
preserve its ability, in truly exceptional circumstances, to prevent the incalculable harm
that would ensue from a breach of the nation’s treaty commitments, to preserve the
undisputed right of Congress to take action, and to protect Mr. Medellín’s right not to be
deprived of his life without due process of law.
A.
If A Writ Of Certiorari Is Unavailable, This Court Should Grant A
Writ of Habeas Corpus.
Although the extraordinary writs are a rare form of relief, sparingly exercised in
the discretion of the Court, the circumstances of this case plainly are exceptional—indeed
unprecedented, unlikely to repeat themselves, and of the highest possible significance, in
If A Writ Of Certiorari Is Unavailable, This Court Should Grant A
Writ of Habeas Corpus.
Although the extraordinary writs are a rare form of relief, sparingly exercised in
the discretion of the Court, the circumstances of this case plainly are exceptional—indeed
unprecedented, unlikely to repeat themselves, and of the highest possible significance, in
17
terms both of the caliber of interests implicated and the detriment that will befall the
institutions of federal government, the American public, and Mr. Medellín himself if his
case is permitted to fall into a black hole in the constitutional design.
Indeed, the circumstances here are in some respects reminiscent of—yet easily
more extraordinary than—the cases where this Court has granted a writ of habeas corpus
in an original action. For example, in Ex parte Grossman, 267 U.S. 87 (1925), the
petitioner had been sentenced to a single year of imprisonment for the unlawful sale of
liquor. The President issued a pardon; the district court committed the petitioner to serve
the sentence notwithstanding the pardon; and this Court intervened to vindicate the
authority of the President to pardon criminal contempt. Id. at 107-08. There, the stakes
were plainly less dramatic where the sentence was minor and there was no claim that the
petitioner’s case had broader implications, yet the Court intervened to make effective the
President’s constitutional power to issue pardons. See U.S. Const. art. II, § 2. The
intervention of this Court here would not only protect Congress’s constitutional
prerogative to enact legislation to give effect to a non-self-executing treaty commitment
of the United States, but also the right of the petitioner not to be deprived of a remedy
that the competent political actors seek to provide him. See Part I above.
more extraordinary than—the cases where this Court has granted a writ of habeas corpus
in an original action. For example, in Ex parte Grossman, 267 U.S. 87 (1925), the
petitioner had been sentenced to a single year of imprisonment for the unlawful sale of
liquor. The President issued a pardon; the district court committed the petitioner to serve
the sentence notwithstanding the pardon; and this Court intervened to vindicate the
authority of the President to pardon criminal contempt. Id. at 107-08. There, the stakes
were plainly less dramatic where the sentence was minor and there was no claim that the
petitioner’s case had broader implications, yet the Court intervened to make effective the
President’s constitutional power to issue pardons. See U.S. Const. art. II, § 2. The
intervention of this Court here would not only protect Congress’s constitutional
prerogative to enact legislation to give effect to a non-self-executing treaty commitment
of the United States, but also the right of the petitioner not to be deprived of a remedy
that the competent political actors seek to provide him. See Part I above.
This Court’s jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 to entertain and grant original
writs of habeas corpus was not repealed by the amendments to 28 U.S.C. §§2244 and
2254 in the 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”). Felker v.
Turpin, 518 U.S. 651, 654 (1996) (“[AEDPA] does not preclude this Court from
writs of habeas corpus was not repealed by the amendments to 28 U.S.C. §§2244 and
2254 in the 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”). Felker v.
Turpin, 518 U.S. 651, 654 (1996) (“[AEDPA] does not preclude this Court from
18
entertaining an application for habeas corpus relief[.]”); see also id. at 658 (AEDPA
“does not deprive this Court of jurisdiction to entertain original habeas petitions.”).
B.
Adequate Relief Cannot Be Obtained In Any Other Form Or From
Any Other Court.
The Court has made it clear that its exercise of discretion to issue a writ of habeas
requires that the petitioner also “show that adequate relief cannot be obtained in any other
form or from any other court. These writs are rarely granted.” Id. at 665 (quoting Sup.
Ct. R. 20.4(a)). This case meets this demanding test.
Adequate Relief Cannot Be Obtained In Any Other Form Or From
Any Other Court.
The Court has made it clear that its exercise of discretion to issue a writ of habeas
requires that the petitioner also “show that adequate relief cannot be obtained in any other
form or from any other court. These writs are rarely granted.” Id. at 665 (quoting Sup.
Ct. R. 20.4(a)). This case meets this demanding test.
As the United States has stated, Mr. Medellín has never received review and
reconsideration in conformity with the guidelines set forth in Avena. 98a, lines 8-11
(“[The previous holding] does not give full and independent weight to the treaty violation,
which is what Avena requires and which is what the President has directed.”); see also
Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. at 1389-90 (Breyer, J., dissenting) (“While Texas has
already considered [whether the police failure to inform Medellin of his Vienna
Convention rights prejudiced Medellin], it did not consider fully, for example, whether
appointed counsel’s coterminous 6-month suspension from the practice of the law
‘caused actual prejudice to the defendant’—prejudice that would not have existed had
Medellin known he could contact his consul and thereby find a different lawyer.”).
While the Governor of Texas has conveyed his understanding that the Texas Attorney
General’s office will now seek merits review of all Vienna Convention claims presented
in federal court by Mexican nationals subject to the Avena Judgment who have never
before received such review, he has not explicitly acknowledged that that process must
reconsideration in conformity with the guidelines set forth in Avena. 98a, lines 8-11
(“[The previous holding] does not give full and independent weight to the treaty violation,
which is what Avena requires and which is what the President has directed.”); see also
Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. at 1389-90 (Breyer, J., dissenting) (“While Texas has
already considered [whether the police failure to inform Medellin of his Vienna
Convention rights prejudiced Medellin], it did not consider fully, for example, whether
appointed counsel’s coterminous 6-month suspension from the practice of the law
‘caused actual prejudice to the defendant’—prejudice that would not have existed had
Medellin known he could contact his consul and thereby find a different lawyer.”).
While the Governor of Texas has conveyed his understanding that the Texas Attorney
General’s office will now seek merits review of all Vienna Convention claims presented
in federal court by Mexican nationals subject to the Avena Judgment who have never
before received such review, he has not explicitly acknowledged that that process must
19
represent prospective, de novo review, on a full record presented at an evidentiary
hearing, and in light of the correct legal standard, all in accord with the ICJ’s rulings in
Avena. In any event, Mr. Medellín petitions this Court for a writ of habeas corpus
because he anticipates that the Court of Appeals will hold that he is effectively without
any federal forum in which he can benefit from Texas’s newly announced position.
Petitioner files this petition in anticipation of the prospect that he will be unable to
obtain relief from any other court.5 He has applied for relief from the Texas state courts,
and that application remains pending. See Second Subsequent Application for Post-
Conviction Writ of Habeas Corpus. Further, while Mr. Medellín has not yet filed in the
Court of Appeals because of the Texas two-forum rule,6 he anticipates that if it becomes
necessary to file in that Court, the Court will hold that he is unable to meet the successive
petition requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b). The District Court has already held that he
cannot meet those literal standards and therefore cannot obtain leave to file a § 2254
petition in the lower federal courts. Medellin v. Quarterman, No. H-06-3688, 2008 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 55758, at *7 (S.D. Tex. July 22, 2008). Even if the Court of Appeals were
to accept his argument that his present claim arises from the Avena Judgment, a decision
that came down after he had already presented his Vienna Convention claim in his initial
obtain relief from any other court.5 He has applied for relief from the Texas state courts,
and that application remains pending. See Second Subsequent Application for Post-
Conviction Writ of Habeas Corpus. Further, while Mr. Medellín has not yet filed in the
Court of Appeals because of the Texas two-forum rule,6 he anticipates that if it becomes
necessary to file in that Court, the Court will hold that he is unable to meet the successive
petition requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b). The District Court has already held that he
cannot meet those literal standards and therefore cannot obtain leave to file a § 2254
petition in the lower federal courts. Medellin v. Quarterman, No. H-06-3688, 2008 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 55758, at *7 (S.D. Tex. July 22, 2008). Even if the Court of Appeals were
to accept his argument that his present claim arises from the Avena Judgment, a decision
that came down after he had already presented his Vienna Convention claim in his initial
5
Petitioner is also seeking to obtain relief from this Court in every “other form” that he believes to be
arguably available, including a petition for a writ of certiorari for review of the judgment of the Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals and a motion to recall and stay the Court’s mandate in Medellin v. Texas.
Petitioner is also seeking to obtain relief from this Court in every “other form” that he believes to be
arguably available, including a petition for a writ of certiorari for review of the judgment of the Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals and a motion to recall and stay the Court’s mandate in Medellin v. Texas.
6
See Ex parte Soffar, 143 S.W.3d 804, 805-06 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (Texas state courts defer action
on causes properly within their jurisdiction “until the courts of another sovereignty with concurrent
powers, and already cognizant of litigation, have had an opportunity to pass upon the matter.”). Given
the imminent execution date, Mr. Medellin will lodge his papers in the Court of Appeals, for filing if
the Court of Criminal Appeals does not grant relief.
See Ex parte Soffar, 143 S.W.3d 804, 805-06 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (Texas state courts defer action
on causes properly within their jurisdiction “until the courts of another sovereignty with concurrent
powers, and already cognizant of litigation, have had an opportunity to pass upon the matter.”). Given
the imminent execution date, Mr. Medellin will lodge his papers in the Court of Appeals, for filing if
the Court of Criminal Appeals does not grant relief.
20
application, the Court of Appeals could hold that it is bound by the wording of the
successor provision’s requirements of “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive
to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2); Medellin v.
Dretke, 544 U.S. at 666 (2005) (“A certificate of appealability may be granted only
where there is ‘a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.’ To obtain
the necessary certificate of appealability to proceed in the Court of Appeals, Medellin
must demonstrate that his allegation of a treaty violation could satisfy this standard.”)
(Court's emphasis)). This Court would not be so bound.7
The exceptional circumstances of this case satisfy the equitable principles
embodied in the statutory standards. Mr. Medellin has not abused the writ by holding
back his Vienna Convention claim, having raised the claim in his first state and federal
habeas petition. His claim has now been transformed by the Avena judgment, which,
although not announcing a rule of constitutional law, interprets a treaty made under the
authority of the United States which is also part of the Supreme Law of the Land under
Article VI, clause 2 of the Constitution. That decision was made retroactive—and,
indeed, directly applicable to petitioner’s own case—by a court possessing authority with
embodied in the statutory standards. Mr. Medellin has not abused the writ by holding
back his Vienna Convention claim, having raised the claim in his first state and federal
habeas petition. His claim has now been transformed by the Avena judgment, which,
although not announcing a rule of constitutional law, interprets a treaty made under the
authority of the United States which is also part of the Supreme Law of the Land under
Article VI, clause 2 of the Constitution. That decision was made retroactive—and,
indeed, directly applicable to petitioner’s own case—by a court possessing authority with
Just as the Court’s jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 was not repealed by AEDPA, the limitations on
second or successive petitions imposed by AEDPA similarly do not apply to original writ applications
made under § 2241. Rather, those limitations apply specifically and exclusively to “claim[s] presented
in a second or successive habeas corpus application under section 2254.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(b)(1)-(2).
However, the Court has held that the statutory limitations reflect “‘a complex and evolving body of
equitable principles informed and controlled by historical usage, statutory developments, and judicial
decisions,’” and hence should “certainly inform our consideration of original habeas petitions.” Felker
second or successive petitions imposed by AEDPA similarly do not apply to original writ applications
made under § 2241. Rather, those limitations apply specifically and exclusively to “claim[s] presented
in a second or successive habeas corpus application under section 2254.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(b)(1)-(2).
However, the Court has held that the statutory limitations reflect “‘a complex and evolving body of
equitable principles informed and controlled by historical usage, statutory developments, and judicial
decisions,’” and hence should “certainly inform our consideration of original habeas petitions.” Felker
v. Turpin, 518 U.S. at 663-64 (quoting McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 489 (1991)). Although the
Court’s decisions under § 2241 are informed by those principles, its jurisdiction is not limited by them;
that jurisdiction extends to any case in which “a prisoner . . . is in custody in violation of the
Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). See Felker v. Turpin,
518 U.S. at 659 n.2.
21
Court’s decisions under § 2241 are informed by those principles, its jurisdiction is not limited by them;
that jurisdiction extends to any case in which “a prisoner . . . is in custody in violation of the
Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). See Felker v. Turpin,
518 U.S. at 659 n.2.
21
regard to the interpretation of this treaty. Even if in the process of becoming judicially
enforceable, that decision established new predicates for the claim that were not
previously available to petitioner, those predicates are, at a minimum, determinations by
a court whose judgments on the subject are entitled to “respectful consideration,” see
Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. at 1361 n.9 (quoting Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371, 375
(1998); Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 126 S. Ct. 2669, 2683 (2006), especially when
rendered in a full and fair proceeding in which the United States fully participated.8
Further, the Inter-American Commission has now determined, after reviewing
evidence that would have to be considered in the course of the review and reconsideration
ordered by the ICJ but has never been considered on the merits in a U.S. court, that the
Vienna Convention violation caused Mr. Medellin prejudice, in large part by preventing
Mexico from arranging for his legal representation and ensuring he had an adequate
defense. See 65a, ¶ 128. The Commission recommended that the United States vacate
Mr. Medellín’s death sentence and provide him with a new trial. Pet. App. 65a, ¶ 128;
72a, ¶ 160. While Mr. Medellin should not have to show that he would prevail in the
course of review and reconsideration in order to vindicate his entitlement to receive it, the
evidence that would have to be considered in the course of the review and reconsideration
ordered by the ICJ but has never been considered on the merits in a U.S. court, that the
Vienna Convention violation caused Mr. Medellin prejudice, in large part by preventing
Mexico from arranging for his legal representation and ensuring he had an adequate
defense. See 65a, ¶ 128. The Commission recommended that the United States vacate
Mr. Medellín’s death sentence and provide him with a new trial. Pet. App. 65a, ¶ 128;
72a, ¶ 160. While Mr. Medellin should not have to show that he would prevail in the
course of review and reconsideration in order to vindicate his entitlement to receive it, the
In Garza v. Lappin, 253 F.3d 918 (7th Cir. 2001), the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh
Circuit allowed a habeas petition raising a treaty claim to be brought under § 2241, although the
petitioner could not surmount the restrictions on successive § 2255 petitions. The court in Garza held
that because the petitioner’s treaty claim had not ripened until the announcement of the decision of the
international tribunal on which it was based, the § 2255 remedy was “inadequate or ineffective to test
the legality of [his] detention,” making his petition “properly cognizable under § 2241.” Id. at 921
(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e)). In Garza, the Court of Appeals also noted that, because the legal
predicate for the treaty claim did not exist at the time of petitioner’s earlier habeas filings, it was
arguable that the petition before it was not “second or successive” at all. Id. at 923-24 (citing Stewart
Circuit allowed a habeas petition raising a treaty claim to be brought under § 2241, although the
petitioner could not surmount the restrictions on successive § 2255 petitions. The court in Garza held
that because the petitioner’s treaty claim had not ripened until the announcement of the decision of the
international tribunal on which it was based, the § 2255 remedy was “inadequate or ineffective to test
the legality of [his] detention,” making his petition “properly cognizable under § 2241.” Id. at 921
(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e)). In Garza, the Court of Appeals also noted that, because the legal
predicate for the treaty claim did not exist at the time of petitioner’s earlier habeas filings, it was
arguable that the petition before it was not “second or successive” at all. Id. at 923-24 (citing Stewart
v. Martinez-Villareal, 523 U.S. 637, 642-45 (1998)).
22
22
Inter-American Commission’s determination adds weight to the factors counseling in
favor of granting the writ.
Thus, to the extent that this Court’s exercise of its equitable discretion under §
2244 is informed by the terms of § 2244, this case qualifies for its consideration. But
that is only one aspect of the exceptional circumstance this case presents. Far more
exceptional—indeed, unique in this Court’s history—are the circumstances set forth
above in support of the petition for a writ of certiorari: a court of competent jurisdiction,
vested by treaty made by the President and ratified by the Senate with the authority to
resolve disputes regarding the interpretation and application of that treaty, has found a
violation of petitioner’s rights and required a judicial remedy that appears to be available
in no other forum.
2244 is informed by the terms of § 2244, this case qualifies for its consideration. But
that is only one aspect of the exceptional circumstance this case presents. Far more
exceptional—indeed, unique in this Court’s history—are the circumstances set forth
above in support of the petition for a writ of certiorari: a court of competent jurisdiction,
vested by treaty made by the President and ratified by the Senate with the authority to
resolve disputes regarding the interpretation and application of that treaty, has found a
violation of petitioner’s rights and required a judicial remedy that appears to be available
in no other forum.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, this Court should grant a writ of certiorari or, in the
alternative, grant a writ of habeas corpus, or, in the further alternative, pursuant to the
accompanying motion, recall and stay its mandate in Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346
(2008). In addition the Court should stay the execution of José Ernesto Medellín to allow
the competent political actors a reasonable opportunity to implement the international law
obligations of the United States reflected in the Avena Judgment of the International
Court of Justice.
alternative, grant a writ of habeas corpus, or, in the further alternative, pursuant to the
accompanying motion, recall and stay its mandate in Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346
(2008). In addition the Court should stay the execution of José Ernesto Medellín to allow
the competent political actors a reasonable opportunity to implement the international law
obligations of the United States reflected in the Avena Judgment of the International
Court of Justice.
July 31, 2008
23
Respectfully submitted,
DONALD FRANCIS DONOVAN
(Counsel of Record)
CATHERINE M. AMIRFAR
JILL VAN BERG
WILLIAM C. WEEKS
DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON LLP
919 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022-3916
JILL VAN BERG
WILLIAM C. WEEKS
DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON LLP
919 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022-3916
(212) 909-6000
SANDRA L. BABCOCK
Clinical Professor of Law
Northwestern University School of Law
357 E. Chicago Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60611
(312) 503-0114
Attorneys for Petitioner
Attorneys for Petitioner
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