California lethal injection

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Filed 11/21/08
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
MICHAEL MORALES et al.,
Plaintiffs and Respondents,
v.
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS AND
REHABILITATION et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
A120115
(Marin County
Super. Ct. No. CV 061436)

The treatment and management of condemned inmates from the time an execution
date is set through completion of the execution is subject to a protocol issued on May 15,
2007, by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and
CDCR Secretary James E. Tilton (Tilton) (collectively appellants).1 The protocol,
Operational Procedure No. 0-770, is formally titled, “STATE OF CALIFORNIA SAN
QUENTIN OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE NUMBER 0-770 EXECUTION BY
LETHAL INJECTION” (hereafter OP 770). Two condemned inmates, respondents
Michael Morales and Mitchell Sims, challenged the validity of OP 770,2 arguing it had
1 The CDCR Secretary is head of the CDCR, with overall responsibility for all of the
institutions within the CDCR. (See Pen. Code, § 5054.)
2 In 2006, an earlier version of OP 770 was challenged on Eighth Amendment grounds
by Morales in the United States District Court. (Morales v. Tilton (N.D.Cal. 2006)
465 F.Supp.2d 972.) In response to the district court’s December 2006 decision,
appellants, overseen by the CDCR Undersecretary of Operations, K.W. Prunty, Jr.,
adopted the revised version of OP 770 presently at issue.
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been adopted without compliance with the requirements of the Administrative Procedures
Act (APA) (Gov. Code, § 11340 et seq.). The trial court agreed, granted respondents’
summary judgment motion and enjoined appellants from carrying out the lethal injection
of any condemned inmates under OP 770 unless and until that protocol is promulgated in
compliance with the APA.

Appellants raise two principal challenges to the trial court’s ruling. They argue
OP 770 is not subject to the APA because it is not a rule of “general application.”
Further, they contend OP 770 qualifies for the “single facility exception” to the
requirements of the APA, set forth in Penal Code section 5058, subdivision (c)(1)
(hereafter section 5058(c)(1)).3 We affirm.

BACKGROUND
San Quentin State Prison (San Quentin) is the only prison authorized to execute
California inmates. (§ 3603.) Pursuant to section 3604, unless a condemned inmate
affirmatively elects to be executed by lethal gas, executions are performed by lethal
injection. OP 770 was adopted by the CDCR to implement section 3604. The protocol
states the following purposes and objectives:
“A. The purpose of this procedure is to establish appropriate guidelines for the
execution of condemned inmates in compliance with the laws of the State of California
and the United States.

“B. The objectives of this procedure are:
“1. To establish the care, treatment and management of condemned inmates
from the time an execution date is set through the completion of the execution.
“2. To establish criteria for the selection, training, and oversight of the Lethal
Injection Team.
“3. To delineate specific duties and responsibilities of personnel in preparation
for and completion of the execution by lethal injection of condemned inmates.
3 All undesignated section references are to the Penal Code.
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“4. To ensure direct supervision and managerial oversight of the Lethal
Injection Process.”
OP 770 states the procedure is subject to the approval of the San Quentin Warden
(Warden) and the CDCR Secretary. It provides, “[t]he Warden is responsible for the
recruitment, selection, retention, and training of all staff involved in the Lethal Injection
process,” and “for managerial oversight and overall implementation of this procedure.”
OP 770 provides that, upon receipt of the execution order, the Warden and certain
other designated officials interview the condemned inmate and serve the warrant of
execution. The inmate is informed of “the choices of execution method,” and is
instructed to indicate his choice within 10 days on a prescribed form. Further, he is
informed that “if no choice is made, lethal injection will be the method of execution.”
As to the recruitment, screening and selection of lethal injection team members,
OP 770 provides in part:
“a. With the assistance of the Director, Division of Adult Institutions (DAI),[4]
the Warden will coordinate the recruitment and selection of Lethal Injection Team
Members. The Lethal Injection Team will consist of a minimum of 20 members. The
total number of Lethal Injection Team Members will be determined by the Warden.
“b. In the event the Warden is unable to field a sufficient number of qualified
Lethal Injection Team Members, the Warden will contact the Director, DAI, to
coordinate the identification of additional potential candidates for team membership.
Prospective team members will be selected from departmental locations[5] as determined
appropriate by the Director, DAI.
“c. The hiring authorities from designated locations will select prospective
team members from personnel assigned to their respective areas of responsibility
consistent with selection criteria [enumerated in OP 770]. The hiring authorities will
4 The DAI Director serves above the Warden in the chain of command.
5 In his deposition, Tilton confirmed that “departmental locations” refers to CDCR
prisons and facilities aside from San Quentin.
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forward the names and classifications of prospective team members to the Director,
DAI.”
OP 770 provides that the DAI Director will ensure that a sufficient number of
lethal injection team members will be maintained.
As to news media witnesses at executions, OP 770 provides, “When an execution
is scheduled, the CDCR, Assistant Secretary, Office of Public and Employee
Communications,[6] will notify the media and establish a 10-day filing period in which
media may request to witness the execution.” It further provides “[t]he Assistant
Secretary, Office of Public and Employee Communications, and the San Quentin Public
Information Officer will consult with the Warden to select the members of the news
media to witness an execution.” OP 770 also provides: “The San Quentin Public
Information Officer and Assistant Secretary, Office of Public and Employee
Communications will be responsible for all CDCR press releases prior to, during and
after an execution and for the developing of all information releases.”
As to the chronology of events prior to an execution, OP 770 provides that
approximately 30 days prior to an execution, the CDCR Secretary will notify the
Governor’s Legal Affairs Secretary in writing of all referrals made to the Marin County
District Attorney’s office for sanity review requests under section 3701. Approximately
10 days before an execution, the Warden will compile and send a final seven-day report
regarding any changes to the inmate’s mental condition to the DAI Director, whose office
will forward it to the Governor’s Legal Affairs Secretary.
OP 770 is available for review by condemned inmates at San Quentin and by the
general public.
Summary Judgment Motions
In October 2007, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment and
alternatively for summary adjudication of issues on the question of whether OP 770 is
6 The CDCR Assistant Secretary, Office of Public and Employee Communications,
does not serve under the Warden in the chain of command.
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valid despite the lack of compliance with the public notice and comment requirements of
the APA. (§ 5058, subd. (a).) The court granted respondents’ summary judgment motion
and denied appellants’ summary judgment motion.
DISCUSSION
Appellants contend the trial court erred in its rulings on the dueling summary
judgment motions. “The rules of review are well established. If no triable issue as to any
material fact exists, the [moving party] is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
[Citations.] In ruling on the motion, the court must view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the opposing party. [Citation.] We review the record and the determination
of the trial court de novo. [Citations.]” (Shin v. Ahn (2007) 42 Cal.4th 482, 499.)
I. The APA
Section 5058, subdivision (a)7 requires the CDCR Secretary to promulgate rules
and regulations for the administration of prisons pursuant to the APA, unless enumerated
exceptions apply. The APA was enacted to establish basic minimum procedural
requirements for the adoption, amendment or repeal of administrative regulations
promulgated by administrative agencies. (Gov. Code, § 11346; Grier v. Kiser (1990)
219 Cal.App.3d 422, 431, disapproved on other grounds in Tidewater Marine Western,
Inc. v. Bradshaw (1996) 14 Cal.4th 557, 577 (Tidewater).) A major purpose of the APA
is to provide a procedure for persons or entities affected by a regulation to be heard on
the merits in its creation, and to have notice of the law’s requirements so they can
conform their conduct accordingly. (Tidewater, at pp. 568-569.) Because of this, any
doubt as to the applicability of the APA’s requirements should be resolved in favor of the
APA. (United Systems of Arkansas, Inc. v. Stamison (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1010;
Grier, at p. 438.)
7 Section 5058, subdivision (a), provides in relevant part: “The [CDCR Secretary] may
prescribe and amend rules and regulations for the administration of the prisons . . . . The
rules and regulations shall be promulgated and filed pursuant to [the APA], except as
otherwise provided in this section and Sections 5058.1 to 5058.3, inclusive.”
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“ ‘If a rule constitutes a “regulation” within the meaning of the APA (other than an
“emergency regulation,” which may not remain in effect more than 120 days) it may not
be adopted, amended, or repealed except in conformity with “basic minimum procedural
requirements” (Gov. Code, § 11346, subd. (a)) that are exacting. The agency must give
the public notice of its proposed regulatory action (id., §§ 11346.4, 11346.5); issue a
complete text of the proposed regulation with a statement of the reasons for it (id.,
§ 11346.2, subds. (a), (b)); give interested parties an opportunity to comment on the
proposed regulation (id., § 11346.8); respond in writing to public comments (id.,
§§ 11346.8, subd. (a), 11346.9); and forward a file of all materials on which the agency
relied in the regulatory process to the Office of Administrative Law (id., § 11347.3, subd.
(b)), which reviews the regulation for consistency with the law, clarity, and necessity.
(Id., §§ 11349.1, 11349.3.) Any regulation or order of repeal that substantially fails to
comply with these requirements may be judicially declared invalid. (Id., § 11350.)’
[Citation.] The procedural requirements of the APA ‘shall not be superseded or modified
by any subsequent legislation except to the extent that the legislation shall do so
expressly.’ (Gov. Code, § 11346, subd. (a); [citations].)” (Morning Star Co. v. State Bd.
of Equalization (2006) 38 Cal.4th 324, 333 (Morning Star).)
The APA defines “ ‘regulation’ ” as “every rule, regulation, order, or standard of
general application or the amendment, supplement, or revision of any rule, regulation,
order, or standard adopted by any state agency to implement, interpret, or make specific
the law enforced or administered by it, or to govern its procedure.” (Gov. Code,
§ 11342.600.) “ ‘A regulation subject to the APA . . . has two principal identifying
characteristics. [Citation.] First, the agency must intend its rule to apply generally, rather
than in a specific case. The rule need not, however, apply universally; a rule applies
generally so long as it declares how a certain class of cases will be decided. [Citation.]
Second, the rule must “implement, interpret, or make specific the law enforced or
administered by [the agency], or . . . govern [the agency’s] procedure.” [Citation.]’ ”
(Morning Star, supra, 38 Cal.4th at pp. 333-334, quoting Tidewater, supra, 14 Cal.4th at
p. 571.) Appellants do not dispute that OP 770 implements the statutory directive in
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section 3604, thus satisfying Tidewater’s second identifying characteristic of a
“regulation.”
II. OP 770 is a Rule of General Application
Appellants rely on three APA cases regarding prison rules (In re Garcia (1998)
67 Cal.App.4th 841 (Garcia), Faunce v. Denton (1985) 167 Cal.App.3d 191 (Faunce),
and Stoneham v. Rushen (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 729 (Stoneham)) to contend OP 770 is
not a regulation subject to the APA, because it does not constitute a rule of general
application. Appellants assert that because OP 770 applies only to certain condemned
inmates housed at San Quentin and execution team members who are trained at San
Quentin and perform their duties there, OP 770 does not affect a broad range of prisoners.
Garcia, Stoneham and Faunce provide little assistance in resolving this matter. In
Stoneham, two prison inmates and a nonprofit prisoners’ rights organization challenged
the adoption of regulations standardizing the system used by the CDCR to classify
inmates for purposes of determining their prison assignment. They asserted the CDCR
failed to comply with the APA in adopting the regulations. (Stoneham, supra,
137 Cal.App.3d at p. 732.) The Stoneham court concluded that the CDCR’s
classification scheme embodied “a rule of general application significantly affecting the
male prison population” in CDCR custody. (Id. at p. 736.) Faunce was a class action by
Folsom Prison inmates against the CDCR director and other prison officials challenging
the implementation and enforcement of “revised chapter 4600 of the [CDCR]
Administrative Manual,” which governed the amount and type of personal property
inmates throughout the department’s system could possess in their cells. The plaintiffs
alleged chapter 4600 was invalid because it was not promulgated pursuant to the APA.
(Faunce, supra, 167 Cal.App.3d at pp. 193-194.) In reliance on Stoneham, Faunce
concluded that chapter 4600 was a rule of general application significantly affecting the
male prison population in CDCR custody and was therefore subject to APA compliance.
(Faunce, at p. 196.)
Stoneham and Faunce determined that certain regulations affecting the entire male
prison population were rules of general application. Neither, however, is authority for
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appellants’ argument that only such broadly applicable directives are subject to the APA.
The Garcia case is far more apt and directly addresses whether a prison regulation
of more limited scope than those in Stoneham and Faunce is governed by the APA. If we
agreed with Garcia’s analysis of this issue, appellant would prevail; but we do not.
In Garcia, an inmate (Garcia) incarcerated at a California medical facility sought
habeas corpus relief after his request for permission to correspond with an inmate at
another prison, Donovan prison, was denied by that prison, in reliance upon its
correspondence policy. That policy limited correspondence between Donovan prison
inmates and inmates housed at other institutions. (Garcia, supra, 67 Cal.App.4th at
p. 843.) Garcia challenged the Donovan prison policy on the ground it was a regulation
of general application not promulgated pursuant to the APA. (Garcia, at pp. 843, 845.)
The prison authorities made two separate arguments as to why the APA did not apply:
First, they argued the Donovan prison policy was not one of “general application,” and
second, even if it were, the policy was exempt from compliance with the APA under
section 5058(c)(1) because it applied to only one prison facility. In its analysis of
“general application,” the Garcia court noted that the APA does not define this term, but
suggested, in dicta, that in the prison context a rule is of general application where it
significantly affected a “broad range of prisoners.” (Garcia, at pp. 844-845.) Garcia
then concluded a correspondence policy that applied to a single prison did not have this
effect and, so, was not a rule of general application. (Id. at p. 845.)
The flaw in Garcia’s reasoning results from conflating the APA’s definition of a
subject regulation (one of general application) and the Penal Code’s subsequent creation
of an exception to the APA for regulations affecting only one prison. If, categorically, a
regulation applicable to a single prison lacked general applicability, there would have
been no need for the Legislature to enact the single prison exception contained in section
5058(c)(1). That said, the result in Garcia seems correct. The Donovan prison
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regulation appears to apply to a broad range of prisoners, all those at Donovan prison, but
was exempt from the APA because it only applied to inmates at that facility.8
Thus, the prison cases principally relied upon by appellants fail to assist us in
refining the ambit of the term “general application” as utilized in the APA. In reviewing
cases decided in other states on the applicability of their administrative procedures act to
a lethal injection protocol similar to OP 770, we find one case apt. In Evans v. State
(2006) 396 Md. 256, a state prison inmate sentenced to death sought an injunction against
application of the Maryland Department of Correction’s protocols governing the use of
lethal injection because they were not enacted in accordance with the procedures
mandated by the Maryland Administrative Procedure Act (MAPA). (Evans, at pp. 271-
272.) At issue in Evans, as here, was whether the protocols were subject to the MAPA.
(Evans, at p. 346.) Title 10, subtitle 1 of the State [of Maryland] Government Article
section 10-101(g)(1), “defines a regulation as including, in pertinent part, a statement that
has general application.” (Evans, at p. 345.) Evans rejected the argument that the
protocols were not regulations because they did not have a general application. “The
State’s argument to the contrary notwithstanding, there can be no legitimate doubt that
the portion of the [protocols] that govern the method of and procedure for administering
the lethal injection have general application . . . . They have general application . . .
because they comprehensively govern the manner in which every death sentence is
implemented.” (Id. at p. 346.)
We agree with Evans. The record reflects that as of September 11, 2006, there
were 644 condemned inmates in California; no evidence was submitted to the trial court
as to the precise number of inmates who have had an execution date scheduled.9 But
8 Garcia’s discussion of the single prison exception is considered in part III., below.
9 In support of their assertion that OP 770 affects only a small number of prison
inmates, appellants request that we take judicial notice of: (1) CDCR’s “ ‘Weekly Report
of Population,’ ” as of February 11, 2008; (2) CDCR’s “ ‘Condemned Inmate Summary
List,’ ” as of February 11, 2008; and (3) a portion of CDCR’s website regarding San
Quentin. We deny the request because these documents were not before the trial court.
(Brosterhous v. State Bar (1995) 12 Cal.4th 315, 325.)
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those numbers are not determinative. All condemned inmates who have received an
execution date are covered by OP 770 until a method of execution is selected. Unless the
inmate affirmatively selects the use of lethal gas, all death sentences will be by lethal
injection and will be carried out consistently with the remainder of the challenged
protocol. Thus, the protocol “ ‘declares how a certain class’ ” of inmates, those whose
execution dates have been set, will be treated. (Morning Star, supra, 38 Cal.4th at
pp. 333-334, quoting Tidewater, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 571.) Therefore, the protocol is
subject to the APA, even if it does not apply to all inmates, or even to all inmates
sentenced to death.
III. OP 770 Is Not Subject to the Single Prison Exception in Section 5058(c)(1)
Section 5058(c)(1) provides that “Rules issued by the [CDCR Secretary] applying
solely to a particular prison or other correctional facility” are “deemed not to be
‘regulations’ as defined in [the APA].” In applying this subdivision to the Donovan
prison mail policy, Garcia held, “[t]he local nature of the Donovan policy is evidenced
by the wide variety of policies found throughout the state.” (Garcia, supra,
67 Cal.App.4th at p. 845.) The “correspondence policy applies solely to correspondence
entering or leaving Donovan. It applies to Donovan inmates in all instances. Inmates
housed at other institutions are controlled by that institution’s correspondence policies.
Inmates housed at other facilities are affected by Donovan rules only if they seek to
correspond with Donovan inmates. However, their ability to correspond with any other
individual is unaffected.” (Ibid.)
Garcia clarifies that simply because a prison’s policy has an incidental impact
upon individuals who are not employees or inmates of the issuing facility does not bar
application of section 5058(c)(1). OP 770 imposes limitations on an inmate’s visitors as
the execution date approaches. Under Garcia, the incidental impact on these visitors
does not, itself, preclude application of the single prison exception. In other respects,
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however, the protocol substantially governs behavior outside San Quentin.10 For
example, OP 770 regulates the selection of lethal injection team members and specifies
that, if the Warden is unable to field a sufficient number of qualified lethal injection team
members, the DAI Director will coordinate the identification of additional potential
candidates for team membership from other CDCR prisons and correctional facilities.
And the hiring authorities from those other prisons and correctional facilities (usually, but
not always, the warden) will select prospective team members consistent with selection
criteria enumerated in OP 770. In addition, the protocol assigns tasks to the CDCR
Secretary, the CDCR Assistant Secretary, Office of Public and Employee
Communications, and the DAI Director, none of whom serves under the Warden or
works at San Quentin. Thus, OP 770 directs the performance of numerous functions
beyond San Quentin’s walls.
IV. Appellants May Not Rely on the Internal Management Exception in Government
Code Section 11340.9
Finally, and for the first time on appeal, appellants contend that if the provisions of
OP 770 regarding selection of the lethal injection team are not covered by the single
facility exception, we should apply the internal management exception of Government
Code section 11340.9, which provides: “This chapter [(the APA)] does not apply to . . .
[¶] . . . [¶] (d) A regulation that relates only to the internal management of the state
agency.”11 Appellants argue that the “execution-team selection process . . . merely
10 Appellants presented evidence that if an execution date was set for a condemned
female inmate housed at the Central California Women’s Facility (CCWF), or a male
condemned inmate housed outside San Quentin at the time his execution date was set,
CCWF or that other male prison would be required to prepare a written execution
procedure specific to that institution. However, no such operational procedure(s)
currently exist, and the trial court correctly rejected this evidence as speculative.
11 Effectively, the argument assumes an agency may defend its failure to comply with
the provisions of the APA by “splitting” the challenged regulation into two or more
pieces and justifying each piece with a different exception. Given our resolution of this
case we need not and do not address the validity of this assumption.
12
identifies which prison employees are eligible to perform one of many state functions that
concern inmates.” This argument is rejected as untimely.
Appellants acknowledge that, generally, theories not raised in the trial court may
not be raised for the first time on appeal. (McDonald’s Corp. v. Board of Supervisors
(1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 612, 618.) In their reply brief, they rely on an exception to this
rule that a question of law on undisputed facts may be raised for the first time on appeal.
(Ibid.) An appellate court is not required to consider any new theory on a pure question
of law; rather, whether to do so is a matter within the court’s discretion. (Hussey-Head v.
World Savings & Loan Assn. (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 773, 783, fn. 7.)
As discussed in part III., above, the selection of the lethal injection team is
governed by OP 770, which provides in pertinent part: “c. The hiring authorities from
designated locations will select prospective team members from personnel assigned to
their respective areas of responsibility consistent with selection criteria listed below. The
hiring authorities will forward the names and classifications of prospective team
members to the Director, DAI. [¶] . . . [¶] 3[.] If necessary, specialists may be contracted
to perform specific duties during the Lethal Injection Process.” (Hereafter, subsection
c.3.)
Nothing in subsection c.3. identifies the employee who decides if it is necessary to
contract with outside specialists or the employee who actually contracts with them.12
More to the point, subsection c.3. does not state whether these decisions are to be made
solely by employees of the CDCR. And, because appellants never argued for the internal
management exception in the trial court, no discovery was conducted to determine if the
contracting authority was a member of the CDCR staff. It would be unfair to respondents
12 The “hiring authorities” referred to in subsection c.3. are the wardens of other prisons
whose personnel are selected to supplement the lethal injection teams.
13
to assume that this is so, particularly because appellants never specifically address
subsection c.3. in their briefing.13
V. Conclusion
The procedural requirements designated by the APA for administrative regulations
are applicable to OP 770. Appellants failure to comply with them invalidates the
challenged protocol.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
SIMONS, Acting P.J.
We concur.
NEEDHAM, J.
REARDON, J.∗
13 We note that appellants’ newly raised internal management argument addresses only
one of the numerous provisions of OP 770 that assign tasks to individuals who do not
work at San Quentin. See part III., above.
∗ Judge of the Alameda County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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Superior Court of the County of Marin, No. CV 061436, Lynn O’Malley Taylor, Judge.
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General, David S. Chaney, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Frances T. Grunder, Assistant Attorney General, Thomas S. Patterson and
Michael J. Quinn, Deputy Attorneys General for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Munger, Tolles & Olson, Bradley S. Phillips, Grant A. Davis-Denny and Eric P. Tuttle
for Defendants and Respondents.